{"id":8908,"date":"2022-12-27T10:08:00","date_gmt":"2022-12-27T09:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/?p=8908"},"modified":"2022-12-26T16:44:15","modified_gmt":"2022-12-26T15:44:15","slug":"co-nas-muze-rypos-naucit-o-lecbe-rakoviny","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/?p=8908","title":{"rendered":"<strong>Co n\u00e1s m\u016f\u017ee rypo\u0161 nau\u010dit o l\u00e9\u010db\u011b rakoviny?<\/strong>"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee rypo\u0161 lys\u00ed odol\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1rnut\u00ed a je imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di rakovin\u011b. V\u011bdci tyto zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed tvory zkoumaj\u00ed, aby pochopili, jak by lid\u00e9 mohli \u017e\u00edt zdrav\u011bji a d\u00e9le.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm tajemstv\u00edm, \u017ee\u00a0<em>\u201e<\/em>krt\u010d\u00ed krysy&#8220;, vr\u00e1s\u010dit\u00ed hlodavci t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez srsti s dlouh\u00fdmi zuby tr\u010d\u00edc\u00edmi z tlamy, nejsou zrovna nejp\u0159ita\u017eliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata na Zemi. Ale to, co t\u011bmto tvor\u016fm chyb\u00ed na kr\u00e1se, vynahrazuj\u00ed \u0159adou neoby\u010dejn\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed, kter\u00e9 zaj\u00edmaj\u00ed zoology a l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00e9 v\u00fdzkumn\u00edky po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Navzdory sv\u00e9 mal\u00e9 velikosti (7 a\u017e 33cm) se rypo\u0161i do\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed v pr\u016fm\u011bru 30 let, jsou odoln\u00e9 v\u016f\u010di chronick\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm v\u010detn\u011b cukrovky a maj\u00ed pozoruhodn\u00fd rozmno\u017eovac\u00ed syst\u00e9m. Tato zv\u00ed\u0159ata jsou tak\u00e9 p\u0159\u00ednosem pro \u017eivotn\u00ed prost\u0159ed\u00ed, proto\u017ee p\u016fsob\u00ed jako\u00a0<em>\u201e<\/em>ekosyst\u00e9mov\u00ed in\u017een\u00fd\u0159i&#8220; a zvy\u0161uj\u00ed biodiverzitu v p\u016fd\u011b, kdy\u017e si v n\u00ed hrabou hn\u00edzda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Tito podivn\u00ed tvorov\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed jsou imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di st\u00e1rnut\u00ed a bolesti, ji\u017e dlouho fascinuj\u00ed v\u011bdce. Nyn\u00ed v\u00fdzkum odhaluje, \u017ee mohou b\u00fdt kl\u00ed\u010dem k pochopen\u00ed \u0159ady lidsk\u00fdch onemocn\u011bn\u00ed, jako je rakovina \u010di st\u00e1rnut\u00ed. P\u0159esto\u017ee jsme v minulosti studovali my\u0161i a krysy, abychom pochopili tajemstv\u00ed lidsk\u00e9 biologie, v\u011bdci se domn\u00edvaj\u00ed, \u017ee tento specifick\u00fd druh m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt pro l\u00e9ka\u0159sk\u00fd v\u00fdzkum nezanedbateln\u00e9 v\u00fdhody.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Biologie tohoto druhu je neuv\u011b\u0159iteln\u011b zaj\u00edmav\u00e1. &#8222;<em>Rypo\u0161i jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ni za\u00a0\u201eextr\u00e9mofily&#8220;, kte\u0159\u00ed se vyzna\u010duj\u00ed schopnost\u00ed p\u0159e\u017e\u00edvat v extr\u00e9mn\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed pod zem\u00ed<\/em>&#8222;, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Ewan St John Smith, v\u00fdzkumn\u00edk zab\u00fdvaj\u00edc\u00ed se smyslov\u00fdm nervov\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem na univerzit\u011b v Cambridge. Jednou z nejunik\u00e1tn\u011bj\u0161\u00edch vlastnost\u00ed Rypo\u0161\u016f je, \u017ee je t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 p\u0159esn\u011b ur\u010dit, jak je krysa star\u00e1, proto\u017ee vykazuje jen omezen\u00e9 zn\u00e1mky fyzick\u00e9ho \u00fapadku. Zat\u00edmco lid\u00e9 mohou postupn\u011b vr\u00e1s\u010dit, \u0161ediv\u011bt nebo b\u00fdt n\u00e1chyln\u011bj\u0161\u00ed k chronick\u00fdm onemocn\u011bn\u00edm,\u00a0<em>\u201estandardn\u00ed zn\u00e1mky st\u00e1rnut\u00ed, kter\u00e9 byste o\u010dek\u00e1vali u v\u011bt\u0161iny savc\u016f, se ve skute\u010dnosti neprojevuj\u00ed&#8220;<\/em>, \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Smith. Nedoch\u00e1z\u00ed k \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m srde\u010dn\u00ed \u010dinnosti, slo\u017een\u00ed t\u011bla, kvality kost\u00ed ani metabolismu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Jejich podzemn\u00ed zp\u016fsob \u017eivota m\u016f\u017ee zv\u00fd\u0161it jejich \u0161anci na p\u0159e\u017eit\u00ed, proto\u017ee chr\u00e1n\u00ed kolonie p\u0159ed chladem, de\u0161t\u011bm a extr\u00e9mn\u00edmi klimatick\u00fdmi podm\u00ednkami. Ve voln\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edrod\u011b je hlavn\u00ed p\u0159\u00ed\u010dinou \u00fahynu predace ze strany zv\u00ed\u0159at, jako jsou hadi. To je velmi odli\u0161n\u00fd obr\u00e1zek od b\u011b\u017en\u00fdch p\u0159\u00ed\u010din \u00famrt\u00ed u lid\u00ed.\u00a0<em>\u201eKa\u017ed\u00fd druh\u00fd \u010dlov\u011bk pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b onemocn\u00ed rakovinou,&#8220;<\/em> \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Smith.\u00a0<em>\u201eU my\u0161\u00ed a potkan\u016f je pravd\u011bpodobnost vzniku rakoviny podobn\u00e1, ale naproti tomu nah\u00e9 krysy rakovinou t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 nikdy neonemocn\u00ed &#8211; je to velmi vz\u00e1cn\u00e9,&#8220;<\/em>\u00a0\u0159\u00edk\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Podle jedn\u00e9 z teori\u00ed maj\u00ed nah\u00e9 krysy obzvl\u00e1\u0161t\u011b \u00fa\u010dinnou formu protin\u00e1dorov\u00e9ho mechanismu zvan\u00e9ho bun\u011b\u010dn\u00e1 senescence. Jedn\u00e1 se o evolu\u010dn\u00ed adaptaci, kter\u00e1 br\u00e1n\u00ed po\u0161kozen\u00fdm bu\u0148k\u00e1m v nekontrolovan\u00e9m d\u011blen\u00ed a vzniku rakoviny. Jin\u00e1 teorie p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1, \u017ee nah\u00e9 krysy vylu\u010duj\u00ed komplexn\u00ed\u00a0<em>\u201e<\/em>supercukr&#8220;, kter\u00fd zabra\u0148uje shlukov\u00e1n\u00ed bun\u011bk a tvorb\u011b n\u00e1dor\u016f. Nejnov\u011bj\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdzkum se zam\u011b\u0159uje na jedine\u010dn\u00e9 podm\u00ednky v jejich t\u011ble, kter\u00e9 br\u00e1n\u00ed mno\u017een\u00ed rakovinn\u00fdch bun\u011bk. Odborn\u00edci z Cambridgesk\u00e9 univerzity p\u0159edpokl\u00e1daj\u00ed, \u017ee onemocn\u011bn\u00ed br\u00e1n\u00ed sp\u00ed\u0161e interakce s mikroprost\u0159ed\u00edm nah\u00fdch krtk\u016f &#8211; slo\u017eit\u00fdm syst\u00e9mem bun\u011bk a molekul obklopuj\u00edc\u00edch bu\u0148ku, v\u010detn\u011b imunitn\u00edho syst\u00e9mu &#8211; ne\u017e vrozen\u00fd mechanismus odolnosti v\u016f\u010di rakovin\u011b.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Snad nejpodivn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed vlastnost\u00ed nah\u00e9 krt\u010d\u00ed krysy je nevn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed bolesti.\u00a0<em>\u201eJe to pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b d\u016fsledek evolu\u010dn\u00ed adaptace na prost\u0159ed\u00ed s vysok\u00fdm obsahem oxidu uhli\u010dit\u00e9ho,&#8220;\u00a0<\/em>vysv\u011btluje Smith. Vzduch, kter\u00fd zv\u00ed\u0159ata vydechuj\u00ed, je bohat\u0161\u00ed na CO2 ne\u017e vzduch v atmosf\u00e9\u0159e. Pokud je tento vydechovan\u00fd vzduch zachycen v podzemn\u00edch tunelech, pod\u00edl CO2 se zvy\u0161uje. Pro v\u011bt\u0161inu savc\u016f by to p\u0159edstavovalo probl\u00e9m.\u00a0<em>\u201eOxid uhli\u010dit\u00fd reaguje s vodou za vzniku kyseliny zvan\u00e9 kyselina uhli\u010dit\u00e1, kter\u00e1 m\u016f\u017ee aktivovat nervy a zp\u016fsobit bolest,&#8220;\u00a0<\/em>\u0159\u00edk\u00e1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud se v\u011bdc\u016fm poda\u0159\u00ed rozlousknout, pro\u010d tito extr\u00e9mn\u011b zdrav\u00ed savci \u017eij\u00ed dlouh\u00fd \u017eivot, mohou tyto poznatky dle Smithe\u00a0<em>\u201e<\/em>p\u0159en\u00e9st&#8220; do preventivn\u00ed l\u00e9\u010dby nebo do l\u00e9k\u016f, kter\u00e9 l\u00e9\u010d\u00ed rakovinu, jakmile se j\u00ed zmocn\u00ed. Zkoum\u00e1n\u00ed t\u011bchto velmi neobvykl\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f m\u016f\u017ee m\u00edt i dal\u0161\u00ed v\u00fdhody, z nich\u017e n\u011bkter\u00e9 lze jen t\u011b\u017eko p\u0159edv\u00eddat.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee rypo\u0161 lys\u00ed odol\u00e1v\u00e1 st\u00e1rnut\u00ed a je imunn\u00ed v\u016f\u010di rakovin\u011b. V\u011bdci tyto zvl\u00e1\u0161tn\u00ed tvory zkoumaj\u00ed, aby pochopili, jak by lid\u00e9 mohli \u017e\u00edt zdrav\u011bji a d\u00e9le. Nen\u00ed \u017e\u00e1dn\u00fdm tajemstv\u00edm, \u017ee\u00a0\u201ekrt\u010d\u00ed krysy&#8220;, vr\u00e1s\u010dit\u00ed hlodavci t\u00e9m\u011b\u0159 bez srsti s dlouh\u00fdmi zuby tr\u010d\u00edc\u00edmi z tlamy, nejsou zrovna nejp\u0159ita\u017eliv\u011bj\u0161\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ata na Zemi. Ale to, co t\u011bmto tvor\u016fm chyb\u00ed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":8534,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_breakdance_hide_in_design_set":false,"_breakdance_tags":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[51,46,60],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8908","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-spolecnost","category-studentske-zpravodajstvi","category-zivotni-prostredi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8908","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8908"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8908\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8909,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8908\/revisions\/8909"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8534"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8908"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8908"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8908"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}