{"id":8018,"date":"2022-10-27T10:05:00","date_gmt":"2022-10-27T08:05:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/?p=8018"},"modified":"2022-10-27T10:26:25","modified_gmt":"2022-10-27T08:26:25","slug":"chobotnice-jsou-chytrejsi-nez-si-myslime-maji-vsak-vedomi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/?p=8018","title":{"rendered":"Chobotnice jsou chyt\u0159ej\u0161\u00ed, ne\u017e si mysl\u00edme. Maj\u00ed v\u0161ak v\u011bdom\u00ed?"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><strong>Jsou schopn\u00e9 nau\u010dit se nov\u00e9 \u00fakoly a orientovat se v okoln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed s chobotnicemi pracuj\u00ed nebo tr\u00e1v\u00ed hodn\u011b \u010dasu v jejich spole\u010dnosti, popisuj\u00ed pocit vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 interakce.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>\u201e<em>Kdy\u017e m\u00e1te co do \u010din\u011bn\u00ed s chobotnic\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se o n\u011bco pozorn\u011b zaj\u00edm\u00e1, je velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee nic nepro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1<\/em>,&#8220; \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Peter Godfrey-Smith, profesor historie a filozofie v\u011bdy na univerzit\u011b v australsk\u00e9m Sydney a autor knihy Other Minds: Chobotnice a evoluce inteligentn\u00edho \u017eivota. \u201e<em>Zd\u00e1 se, \u017ee je to tak trochu neodolateln\u00e9. To samo o sob\u011b nen\u00ed d\u016fkaz, je to jen dojem<\/em>.&#8220;, tvrd\u00ed Godfrey-Smith. Jak ale v\u016fbec za\u010d\u00edt zkoumat v\u011bdom\u00ed zv\u00ed\u0159ete, kter\u00e9 je do takov\u00e9 m\u00edry odli\u0161n\u00e9?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Heather Browningov\u00e1, postdoktorandka v oboru vn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed a dobr\u00fdch \u017eivotn\u00edch podm\u00ednek zv\u00ed\u0159at na London School of Economics, ve sv\u00e9 eseji tvrd\u00ed: \u201e<em>Mysl chobotnic se sice od t\u00e9 na\u0161\u00ed zna\u010dn\u011b li\u0161\u00ed, ale jen kdy\u017e se pokus\u00edme pod\u00edvat na sv\u011bt z jejich pohledu, budeme schopni zjistit, co je pro n\u011b dobr\u00e9, a zajistit tak jejich blaho<\/em>.&#8220; Browningov\u00e1, kter\u00e1 na LSE pracuje na projektu Foundations of Animal Sentience, byla \u010dlenkou t\u00fdmu, jeho\u017e c\u00edlem bylo odpov\u011bd\u011bt na ot\u00e1zku, zda maj\u00ed chobotnice v\u011bdom\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na po\u010d\u00e1tku takov\u00e9ho v\u00fdzkumu se nab\u00edz\u00ed logick\u00fd prvn\u00ed krok, tedy p\u0159\u00edpadov\u00e1 studie n\u011b\u010deho, o \u010dem v\u00edme, \u017ee je vn\u00edmav\u00e9 &#8211; jin\u00fdch lidsk\u00fdch bytost\u00ed. \u201e<em>Kdy\u017e se do toho opravdu pust\u00edme, p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee my sami jsme vn\u00edmav\u00ed, a p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1me, \u017ee i ostatn\u00ed lid\u00e9 jsou jako my, co\u017e je podle m\u011b opravdu rozumn\u00e9<\/em>,&#8220; \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Browning. \u201e<em>Odtud m\u016f\u017eeme za\u010d\u00edt hledat vlastnosti, kter\u00e9 by s n\u00e1mi mohla m\u00edt spole\u010dn\u00e1 i jin\u00e1 zv\u00ed\u0159ata<\/em>.&#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Vezm\u011bme si nap\u0159\u00edklad schopnost c\u00edtit bolest &#8211; na tu se zam\u011b\u0159ila zpr\u00e1va t\u00fdmu LSE o hlavono\u017ec\u00edch (mezi n\u011b\u017e pat\u0159\u00ed chobotnice, s\u00e9pie a chobotnice) a desetino\u017ec\u00edch. Browningov\u00e1 a jej\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 pro\u0161li v\u00edce ne\u017e 300 v\u011bdeck\u00fdch prac\u00ed a vybrali osm krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, kter\u00e1 nazna\u010duj\u00ed, \u017ee \u017eivo\u010dich m\u016f\u017ee c\u00edtit bolest. Zv\u00ed\u0159e m\u016f\u017ee spl\u0148ovat krit\u00e9ria s vysokou, st\u0159edn\u00ed nebo n\u00edzkou m\u00edrou spolehlivosti podle toho, jak pr\u016fkazn\u00fd \u010di nepr\u016fkazn\u00fd je v\u00fdzkum. Pokud zv\u00ed\u0159e spl\u0148uje<br>sedm nebo v\u00edce krit\u00e9ri\u00ed, Browningov\u00e1 a jej\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 uv\u00e1d\u00ed, \u017ee existuje \u201evelmi siln\u00fd&#8220; d\u016fkaz o vn\u00edmavosti zv\u00ed\u0159ete. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Na z\u00e1klad\u011b tohoto m\u011b\u0159\u00edtka dosp\u011bli Browningov\u00e1 a jej\u00ed kolegov\u00e9 k z\u00e1v\u011bru, \u017ee nen\u00ed pochyb o tom, \u017ee chobotnice c\u00edt\u00ed bolest, a jsou tedy vn\u00edmav\u00e9. Skoro v\u0161echna krit\u00e9ria krom\u011b jednoho byla spln\u011bna s vysokou nebo velmi vysokou m\u00edrou jistoty. Ze v\u0161ech zkouman\u00fdch \u017eivo\u010dich\u016f dos\u00e1hly chobotnice nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00edho sk\u00f3re. Dopadly tedy &#8222;l\u00e9pe&#8220; ne\u017e jejich p\u0159\u00edbuzn\u00e9 s\u00e9pie, kter\u00e9 jsou pova\u017eov\u00e1ny za inteligentn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed. Schopnost c\u00edtit bolest je ov\u0161em jen jedn\u00edm z mnoha aspekt\u016f v\u011bdom\u00ed. Existuje tak\u00e9 schopnost c\u00edtit pot\u011b\u0161en\u00ed, nudit se, m\u00edt z\u00e1jem, pro\u017e\u00edvat spole\u010dnost a mnoho dal\u0161\u00edch. D\u00edky dal\u0161\u00edm v\u00fdzkum\u016fm budou v\u011bdci mo\u017en\u00e1 schopni navrhnout podobn\u00e9 stupnice pro m\u011b\u0159en\u00ed v\u00edce r\u016fzn\u00fdch aspekt\u016f v\u011bdom\u00ed u zv\u00ed\u0159at.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Pokud je chobotnice skute\u010dn\u011b vn\u00edmav\u00e1, st\u00e1le z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 otev\u0159en\u00e1 ot\u00e1zka: jak\u00e9 to je b\u00fdt chobotnic\u00ed? Na tuto se hled\u00e1 odpov\u011b\u010f velmi obt\u00ed\u017en\u011b. D\u016fvodem je Marty Haliny, docentky na kated\u0159e historie a filozofie v\u011bdy na univerzit\u011b v Cambridge, neexistence v\u00fdsledk\u016f v pou\u017eiteln\u00e9 form\u011b pro hodnocen\u00ed subjektivn\u00ed zku\u0161enosti. \u201e<em>Jak\u00e9 to je b\u00fdt organismem z pohledu prvn\u00ed osoby &#8211; k tomu nem\u00e1me p\u0159\u00edstup<\/em>,&#8220; \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Halina. \u201e<em>V\u011bda se na syst\u00e9my d\u00edv\u00e1 z pohledu t\u0159et\u00ed osoby &#8211; a tak m\u00e1me probl\u00e9m<\/em>.&#8220;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Zdroj obr\u00e1zku: By albert kok &#8211; Own work, CC BY-SA 3.0, https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/w\/index.php?curid=2795257<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Jsou schopn\u00e9 nau\u010dit se nov\u00e9 \u00fakoly a orientovat se v okoln\u00edm prost\u0159ed\u00ed. Lid\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed s chobotnicemi pracuj\u00ed nebo tr\u00e1v\u00ed hodn\u011b \u010dasu v jejich spole\u010dnosti, popisuj\u00ed pocit vz\u00e1jemn\u00e9 interakce. \u201eKdy\u017e m\u00e1te co do \u010din\u011bn\u00ed s chobotnic\u00ed, kter\u00e1 se o n\u011bco pozorn\u011b zaj\u00edm\u00e1, je velmi t\u011b\u017ek\u00e9 si p\u0159edstavit, \u017ee nic nepro\u017e\u00edv\u00e1,&#8220; \u0159\u00edk\u00e1 Peter Godfrey-Smith, profesor historie a [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":25,"featured_media":8025,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_breakdance_hide_in_design_set":false,"_breakdance_tags":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[49,51,46,60],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8018","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-ekologie","category-spolecnost","category-studentske-zpravodajstvi","category-zivotni-prostredi"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8018","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/25"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=8018"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8018\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8026,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8018\/revisions\/8026"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/8025"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=8018"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=8018"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=8018"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}