{"id":17324,"date":"2024-10-08T19:12:14","date_gmt":"2024-10-08T17:12:14","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/?p=17324"},"modified":"2024-10-08T19:12:16","modified_gmt":"2024-10-08T17:12:16","slug":"historie-vzdelavani-v-ceske-republice","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/?p=17324","title":{"rendered":"Historie vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v \u010cesk\u00e9 republice"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kamen\u016f ka\u017ed\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice m\u00e1 vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m hlubok\u00e9 ko\u0159eny a dlouhou historii, kter\u00e1 sah\u00e1 a\u017e do ran\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku. Tato historie je pln\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch miln\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 formovaly podobu sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho \u0161kolstv\u00ed. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch pro\u0161lo mnoha prom\u011bnami \u2013 od prvn\u00edch c\u00edrkevn\u00edch \u0161kol a\u017e po modern\u00ed, decentralizovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se dnes p\u0159izp\u016fsobuje rychle se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edmu sv\u011btu.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

St\u0159edov\u011bk a po\u010d\u00e1tky vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h6>\n\n\n\n

Po\u010d\u00e1tky vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed na \u00fazem\u00ed dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky jsou spojeny s p\u0159\u00edchodem k\u0159es\u0165anstv\u00ed a zalo\u017een\u00edm c\u00edrkevn\u00edch \u0161kol. Ji\u017e v 9. stolet\u00ed, b\u011bhem Velkomoravsk\u00e9 \u0159\u00ed\u0161e, se za\u010daly objevovat prvn\u00ed \u0161koly, kter\u00e9 byly sou\u010d\u00e1st\u00ed kl\u00e1\u0161ter\u016f a katedr\u00e1l. Tyto \u0161koly slou\u017eily p\u0159edev\u0161\u00edm k v\u00fdchov\u011b kn\u011b\u017e\u00ed a duchovn\u00edch, a proto se zam\u011b\u0159ovaly na v\u00fduku latiny a teologie. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm miln\u00edkem v d\u011bjin\u00e1ch \u010desk\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed bylo zalo\u017een\u00ed Karlovy univerzity v Praze v roce 1348. Tato prvn\u00ed univerzita ve st\u0159edn\u00ed Evrop\u011b se stala d\u016fle\u017eit\u00fdm centrem v\u011bdy, kultury a vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. Univerzita poskytovala vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed v oblasti teologie, pr\u00e1va, medic\u00edny a filozofie, a p\u0159il\u00e1kala studenty z cel\u00e9ho evropsk\u00e9ho kontinentu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Reformace a renesance<\/h6>\n\n\n\n

V obdob\u00ed husitsk\u00fdch v\u00e1lek a n\u00e1sledn\u00e9 reformace do\u0161lo k v\u00fdznamn\u00fdm zm\u011bn\u00e1m ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edm syst\u00e9mu. Jan Hus a dal\u0161\u00ed reform\u00e1to\u0159i prosazovali my\u0161lenku, \u017ee vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed by m\u011blo b\u00fdt dostupn\u00e9 \u0161ir\u0161\u00edm vrstv\u00e1m spole\u010dnosti, nikoli jen elit\u00e1m. Tato idea vedla k zakl\u00e1d\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kol, kter\u00e9 byly v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159eny na v\u00fduku v n\u00e1rodn\u00edm jazyce. I kdy\u017e mnoho z t\u011bchto \u0161kol bylo po por\u00e1\u017ece husit\u016f zni\u010deno, jejich vliv p\u0159etrval. V 16. stolet\u00ed, v dob\u011b renesance, do\u0161lo k dal\u0161\u00edmu rozvoji \u0161kolstv\u00ed, kdy se roz\u0161i\u0159ovaly m\u011bstsk\u00e9 \u0161koly a vznikaly prvn\u00ed gymn\u00e1zia, kter\u00e1 kladla d\u016fraz na v\u00fduku klasick\u00fdch jazyk\u016f a humanitn\u00edch v\u011bd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Baroko a rekatolizace<\/h6>\n\n\n\n

Po bitv\u011b na B\u00edl\u00e9 ho\u0159e v roce 1620, kter\u00e1 znamenala konec \u010desk\u00e9 stavovsk\u00e9 monarchie a n\u00e1stup rekatolizace, se vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m dostal pod kontrolu katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkve. Jezuit\u00e9, kte\u0159\u00ed hr\u00e1li kl\u00ed\u010dovou roli v rekatolizaci \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00ed, zakl\u00e1dali \u0159adu \u0161kol a gymn\u00e1zi\u00ed, kter\u00e1 m\u011bla za c\u00edl vychov\u00e1vat nov\u00e9 generace v\u011brn\u00e9 katolick\u00e9 c\u00edrkvi. I kdy\u017e tento syst\u00e9m \u0161kolstv\u00ed slou\u017eil prim\u00e1rn\u011b c\u00edrkevn\u00edm z\u00e1jm\u016fm, v\u00fdznamn\u011b p\u0159isp\u011bl k rozvoji vzd\u011blanosti v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V 17. stolet\u00ed se na sc\u00e9n\u011b vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed objevil v\u00fdznamn\u00fd \u010desk\u00fd myslitel Jan Amos Komensk\u00fd, kter\u00fd je pova\u017eov\u00e1n za zakladatele modern\u00ed pedagogiky. Jeho revolu\u010dn\u00ed my\u0161lenky ovlivnily vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9my nejen v \u010desk\u00fdch zem\u00edch, ale i po cel\u00e9m sv\u011bt\u011b. Komensk\u00fd prosazoval principy n\u00e1zorn\u00e9ho u\u010den\u00ed, v\u011b\u0159il v p\u0159irozen\u00fd rozvoj d\u00edt\u011bte a zd\u016fraz\u0148oval pot\u0159ebu univerz\u00e1ln\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed dostupn\u00e9ho v\u0161em, bez ohledu na soci\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed. Jeho d\u00edlo, jako nap\u0159\u00edklad Didactica Magna<\/em>, polo\u017eilo z\u00e1klady modern\u00edho \u0161kolstv\u00ed a z\u016fst\u00e1v\u00e1 inspirac\u00ed pro vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed praxi i dnes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed a \u0161kolsk\u00e9 reformy<\/h6>\n\n\n\n

Velk\u00fd obrat ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed nastal v 18. stolet\u00ed b\u011bhem osv\u00edcenstv\u00ed. Habsbur\u0161t\u00ed panovn\u00edci Marie Terezie a Josef II. se rozhodli modernizovat st\u00e1t, co\u017e zahrnovalo i \u0161kolskou reformu. V roce 1774 byla zavedena povinn\u00e1 \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zka pro d\u011bti ve v\u011bku od 6 do 12 let. Tato reforma byla revolu\u010dn\u00ed, proto\u017ee zaji\u0161\u0165ovala z\u00e1kladn\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed pro v\u0161echny d\u011bti bez ohledu na jejich soci\u00e1ln\u00ed postaven\u00ed. \u0160koly byly tehdy rozd\u011bleny na obecn\u00ed, hlavn\u00ed a d\u00edv\u010d\u00ed, p\u0159i\u010dem\u017e z\u00e1kladn\u00edm c\u00edlem bylo zvy\u0161ovat gramotnost a p\u0159ipravovat d\u011bti na praktick\u00fd \u017eivot.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

19. stolet\u00ed a n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrozen\u00ed<\/h6>\n\n\n\n

V 19. stolet\u00ed, kdy prob\u00edhalo n\u00e1rodn\u00ed obrozen\u00ed, se vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed stalo kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm n\u00e1strojem pro posilov\u00e1n\u00ed \u010desk\u00e9ho n\u00e1rodn\u00edho v\u011bdom\u00ed. Byly zakl\u00e1d\u00e1ny \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161koly, kter\u00e9 podporovaly \u010desk\u00fd jazyk a kulturu, co\u017e bylo z\u00e1sadn\u00ed v dob\u011b, kdy se \u010desk\u00e9 zem\u011b nach\u00e1zely pod nadvl\u00e1dou rakousk\u00e9ho c\u00edsa\u0159stv\u00ed. Vznikaly tak\u00e9 prvn\u00ed st\u0159edn\u00ed \u0161koly s \u010desk\u00fdm vyu\u010dovac\u00edm jazykem a postupn\u011b se otev\u0159ely dve\u0159e \u010desk\u00e9 ml\u00e1de\u017ei i k vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9mu vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed. V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm mezn\u00edkem bylo zalo\u017een\u00ed \u010cesk\u00e9 techniky v Praze v roce 1806, kter\u00e1 se zam\u011b\u0159ovala na technick\u00e9 a in\u017een\u00fdrsk\u00e9 obory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Prvn\u00ed republika a \u0161kolsk\u00e1 reforma<\/h6>\n\n\n\n

Vznik \u010ceskoslovenska v roce 1918 p\u0159inesl z\u00e1sadn\u00ed zm\u011bny i do vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Nov\u011b vznikl\u00fd st\u00e1t se sna\u017eil vytvo\u0159it modern\u00ed a demokratick\u00fd vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd by byl dostupn\u00fd v\u0161em ob\u010dan\u016fm. Byla zavedena jednotn\u00e1 \u0161kolsk\u00e1 soustava, kter\u00e1 zaji\u0161\u0165ovala povinnou \u0161koln\u00ed doch\u00e1zku a umo\u017e\u0148ovala v\u0161em d\u011btem p\u0159\u00edstup ke vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed bez ohledu na jejich soci\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u016fvod. V tomto obdob\u00ed tak\u00e9 vznikla \u0159ada nov\u00fdch \u0161kol a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch instituc\u00ed, kter\u00e9 podporovaly rozvoj \u010desk\u00e9 v\u011bdy a kultury.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obdob\u00ed komunismu a centralizace \u0161kolstv\u00ed<\/h6>\n\n\n\n

Po roce 1948, kdy se k moci dostala Komunistick\u00e1 strana \u010ceskoslovenska, do\u0161lo k z\u00e1sadn\u00ed prom\u011bn\u011b vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed bylo centralizov\u00e1no a pod\u0159\u00edzeno ideologick\u00fdm pot\u0159eb\u00e1m komunistick\u00e9ho re\u017eimu. \u0160kolstv\u00ed slou\u017eilo jako n\u00e1stroj propagandy, a d\u016fraz byl kladen na v\u00fduku marxismu-leninismu a v\u00fdchovu loaj\u00e1ln\u00edch ob\u010dan\u016f socialistick\u00e9ho st\u00e1tu. P\u0159esto\u017ee politick\u00e1 kontrola byla v\u0161udyp\u0159\u00edtomn\u00e1, \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161kolstv\u00ed si udr\u017eelo vysokou \u00farove\u0148 zejm\u00e9na v technick\u00fdch a p\u0159\u00edrodov\u011bdn\u00fdch oborech. Byla tak\u00e9 roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ena s\u00ed\u0165 odborn\u00fdch \u0161kol, kter\u00e9 p\u0159ipravovaly studenty na pr\u00e1ci v pr\u016fmyslu a zem\u011bd\u011blstv\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Obdob\u00ed po sametov\u00e9 revoluci a modernizace \u0161kolstv\u00ed<\/h6>\n\n\n\n

Sametov\u00e1 revoluce v roce 1989 znamenala z\u00e1sadn\u00ed obrat i ve vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m byl postupn\u011b decentralizov\u00e1n a demokratizov\u00e1n. Byly zru\u0161eny jednotn\u00e9 osnovy, a \u0161koly z\u00edskaly v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed autonomii p\u0159i tvorb\u011b sv\u00fdch vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch program\u016f. Do vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed se vr\u00e1til d\u016fraz na demokratick\u00e9 hodnoty, kritick\u00e9 my\u0161len\u00ed a individu\u00e1ln\u00ed p\u0159\u00edstup ke student\u016fm. Roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159ily se tak\u00e9 mo\u017enosti studia na st\u0159edn\u00edch a vysok\u00fdch \u0161kol\u00e1ch, a to jak ve ve\u0159ejn\u00e9m, tak v soukrom\u00e9m sektoru. \u010cesk\u00e1 republika se rovn\u011b\u017e zapojila do mezin\u00e1rodn\u00edch vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edch program\u016f, jako je nap\u0159\u00edklad Erasmus, co\u017e umo\u017enilo student\u016fm z\u00edsk\u00e1vat zku\u0161enosti ze zahrani\u010d\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Vstup \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky do Evropsk\u00e9 unie v roce 2004 p\u0159inesl nov\u00e9 impulzy pro rozvoj \u0161kolstv\u00ed. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m se st\u00e1le v\u00edce orientuje na pot\u0159eby globalizovan\u00e9ho sv\u011bta, klade d\u016fraz na jazykovou vybavenost a digit\u00e1ln\u00ed dovednosti. Sou\u010dasn\u011b se v\u0161ak \u010desk\u00e9 \u0161kolstv\u00ed pot\u00fdk\u00e1 s nov\u00fdmi v\u00fdzvami, jako je inkluze, problematika soci\u00e1ln\u00edch nerovnost\u00ed \u010di pot\u0159eba reformy financov\u00e1n\u00ed \u0161kol.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Sou\u010dasnost a budoucnost \u010desk\u00e9ho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed<\/h4>\n\n\n\n

Dne\u0161n\u00ed \u010desk\u00fd vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m stoj\u00ed na k\u0159i\u017eovatce. Na jedn\u00e9 stran\u011b je hrd\u00fd na svou dlouhou tradici a vysokou \u00farove\u0148 vzd\u011blanosti, na druh\u00e9 stran\u011b \u010del\u00ed nov\u00fdm v\u00fdzv\u00e1m, kter\u00e9 p\u0159in\u00e1\u0161\u00ed modern\u00ed doba. Digitalizace, rostouc\u00ed po\u017eadavky na odborn\u00e9 dovednosti a globalizace trhu pr\u00e1ce vy\u017eaduj\u00ed neust\u00e1l\u00e9 p\u0159izp\u016fsobov\u00e1n\u00ed vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00edho syst\u00e9mu. Kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fdm t\u00e9matem je tak\u00e9 inkluze a zaji\u0161t\u011bn\u00ed rovn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstupu ke kvalitn\u00edmu vzd\u011bl\u00e1n\u00ed pro v\u0161echny d\u011bti bez ohledu na jejich soci\u00e1ln\u00ed \u010di etnick\u00e9 pozad\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00fdznamn\u00fdm trendem je i rozvoj celo\u017eivotn\u00edho vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 se st\u00e1v\u00e1 nutnost\u00ed v rychle se m\u011bn\u00edc\u00edm sv\u011bt\u011b. \u0160koly a vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed instituce se st\u00e1le v\u00edce zam\u011b\u0159uj\u00ed na p\u0159\u00edpravu student\u016f na cel\u00fd \u017eivot pln\u00fd u\u010den\u00ed, nikoliv pouze na absolvov\u00e1n\u00ed zkou\u0161ek a z\u00edsk\u00e1n\u00ed diplom\u016f. Tento p\u0159\u00edstup je kl\u00ed\u010dov\u00fd pro \u00fasp\u011bch v 21. stolet\u00ed, kdy se technologie a pracovn\u00ed trh neust\u00e1le m\u011bn\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Zdroje: \u010cesk\u00fd rozhlas, V\u0160CHT, Novinky, Rigor\u00f3zn\u00ed pr\u00e1ce Mgr. M. Frasnerov\u00e1 – Kurikul\u00e1rn\u00ed zm\u011bny a jejich odraz v klimatu \u0161koly z pohledu rodi\u010d\u016f, SvobodaU\u010den\u00ed.cz, DobryStudent.cz, Za kr\u00e1sn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed Vimperk, BP D. P\u0159edotov\u00e1 – Historie \u0161kolstv\u00ed od roku 1945 do sou\u010dasnosti, Wikipedia, \u010cornej P. Velk\u00e9 d\u011bjiny zem\u00ed Koruny \u010desk\u00e9<\/em>, Komensk\u00fd J. A. Didactica Magna<\/em>, N\u011bmec J. D\u011bjiny \u010desk\u00e9 pedagogiky<\/em>, Kohoutek R. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m \u010cesk\u00e9 republiky: Historie a sou\u010dasnost<\/em><\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed je jedn\u00edm ze z\u00e1kladn\u00edch kamen\u016f ka\u017ed\u00e9 spole\u010dnosti. V \u010cesk\u00e9 republice m\u00e1 vzd\u011bl\u00e1vac\u00ed syst\u00e9m hlubok\u00e9 ko\u0159eny a dlouhou historii, kter\u00e1 sah\u00e1 a\u017e do ran\u00e9ho st\u0159edov\u011bku. Tato historie je pln\u00e1 v\u00fdznamn\u00fdch miln\u00edk\u016f, kter\u00e9 formovaly podobu sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho \u0161kolstv\u00ed. Vzd\u011bl\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00ed v \u010cech\u00e1ch pro\u0161lo mnoha prom\u011bnami \u2013 od prvn\u00edch c\u00edrkevn\u00edch \u0161kol a\u017e po modern\u00ed, decentralizovan\u00fd syst\u00e9m, kter\u00fd se dnes […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":39,"featured_media":16892,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"_breakdance_hide_in_design_set":false,"_breakdance_tags":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[62,51,47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17324","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-historie","category-spolecnost","category-vzdelavani"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17324","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/39"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=17324"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17324\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":17674,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17324\/revisions\/17674"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/16892"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=17324"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=17324"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/prahaskolska.200.solutions\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=17324"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}